![2](/sites/default/files/styles/16_9_large_with_focalk/public/2023-04/china%20horizons.jpg?h=854a7be2&itok=ssxoFwso)
Timeline: 11/2022 to 11/2025
The reemergence of China as a great power is currently one of the most discussed topics in political circles. China Horizons: Dealing with a resurgent China (DWARC) is a three-year research project (2022 - 2025) funded by the European Commission under the Horizon Europe funding program. It aims to fill the knowledge gaps that still exist in Europe about China.
Bruegel is part of a consortium of nine high-level research institutions involved in the project. In this project, Bruegel focuses primarily on the functioning and future of the Chinese economy, its interactions with the international economic architecture, China's global and regional strategies, and EU-China relations. The project will establish a network of European China experts to facilitate future cooperation in China-related research.
![China stock market](/sites/default/files/styles/16_9_medium_with_focal/public/2023-06/GettyImages-1502318814.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=3V3UWxiJ)
China Economic Database
Repository of what we consider to be the most relevant macroeconomic data for China and EU-China relations.
Access nowFeatured content
![e](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-06/GettyImages-1236209199.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=xtw6CJFw)
Electrified tensions: EU's proposed tariffs on Chinese EVs
Electric vehicle tariffs are not the first trade tariff the EU has imposed on China, and they likely will not be the last
![Man making car](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-04/GettyImages-52594414.jpg?h=16013371&itok=4vaW7hL1)
China’s Innovation and Industrial Policy: Achievements, challenges and consequences for Europe
At this event, we explored both China's successes and challenges when it comes to innovation.
![y](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-05/pexels-pixabay-275289%20%281%29.jpg?h=12a1b64b&itok=22hpeXHo)
Should foreign companies still do business in China?
In which we discuss the uncertainties for foreign firms operating and wishing to invest in China
![man in a factory](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-05/MicrosoftTeams-image%20%2816%29.png?h=199d8c1f&itok=7DVytavC)
China’s global trade influence: where do we stand?
This closed-door roundtable analyse China's evolving role in global trade, highlighting recent shifts and their implications for the EU.
![WP 11 2024](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-05/WP%2011.jpg?h=551ff741&itok=XiJ7jbDD)
Unpacking China’s industrial policy and its implications for Europe
This paper assess how beneficial industrial policy has been for China and how exportable to the European Union its model might be
![An ASML icon is being displayed on a circuit board, alongside the flags of the USA and China, in this photo illustration taken in Brussels, Belgium, on January 4, 2024. (Photo by Jonathan Raa/NurPhoto via Getty Images)](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-04/GettyImages-1900813452.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=mwZNHMbd)
Zooming in on the US-China tech rivalry
A comparative exploration of US-China innovation frontiers
![two session 2024](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-03/Untitled%20design.png?h=e0001d9d&itok=WPKGSAYy)
Key takeaways from China’s Two Sessions
Unpacking China’s biggest annual political event
![download](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-02/GettyImages-2033243342%20%281%29.jpg?h=63bebe29&itok=n4xQh_bK)
South Korea's semiconductor strategy
Economic ties are being reshaped by the semiconductor industry's evolution
![e](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-02/Alicia%20130224.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=Ete8roHF)
The post-election Taiwanese economy: decisions ahead and takeaways for the European Union
The EU should try to attract more business from Taiwan, though Taiwan’s January 2024 election has not made the job easier
![Renminbi with US dollar and Eruo coins](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-01/GettyImages-845931764.jpg?h=9eb0d413&itok=hVZW6HB-)
China’s third attempt to internationalise its currency
What will happen if China manages to strengthen the RMB?
![Supporters of the DPP are waving flags and banners at Ketagalan Boulevard during a campaign rally for the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2024-01/GettyImages-1918419358.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=UW_2ni5e)
Taiwan’s future economic direction hinges on the election outcome
Depending who wins Taiwan’s 13 January election, the island could swing towards closer relations with China, or entrench decoupling from China.
![EU-China flags](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-12/GettyImages-1239663875.jpg?h=37534c31&itok=583LjXIb)
Expectations and outcomes of the 24th EU-China summit
Was the Summit another ‘dialogue of the deaf’?
![e](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-12/GettyImages-1500005944.jpg?h=4dc35482&itok=I-Z00Orw)
Why the European Union-China summit is bound to disappoint
The European Union is increasingly disappointed with China over trade.
![Biden and XI at the summit in San francisco](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-11/Alicia%20221123.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=hhL_8Avu)
Biden-Xi dialogue instrumental for a successful EU-China Summit in Beijing
![European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, European Council President Charles Michel, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Emmanuel Macron and Chinese President Xi Jinping are seen on a screen during a video conference to approve an investment pact between China and the European Union on December 30, 2020 in Brussels, Belgium. (Photo by Dursun Aydemir/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-11/GettyImages-1230356392.jpg?h=dfa37697&itok=ChkUgfCJ)
The evolution of EU-China relations
A glimpse into the evolving landscape of Europe's engagement with China.
![a close up of a 100 Yuan Chinese banknote](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-11/PB%2020.jpg?h=ddb1ad0c&itok=2koW5ad0)
Third time lucky? China’s push to internationalise the renminbi
This paper analyses China’s different attempts to internationalise its currency and how they have fared.
![China Manufacturing Industry Solar Power](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-10/PB%2019.jpg?h=fe1eeb69&itok=Amr7loVq)
De-risking and decarbonising: a green tech partnership to reduce reliance on China
Greater alignment of the major economic powers is needed around a collective effort to improve security of supply for decarbonisation goods.
![a picture of a big road, with a lot of cars and buildings around, the fog or smog is over the city](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-10/GettyImages-1481310169.jpg?h=ddb1ad0c&itok=45eHNi-T)
How to de-risk dependence on China while decarbonising
How should the EU manage its dependence on China for clean tech?
![Construction work on the Beipan River expressway bridge (or Beipanjiang bridge) on September 10, 2016 in Bijie, Guizhou Province of China. (Photo by Visual China Group via Getty Images)](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-10/1018.jpg?h=9cf92464&itok=4D52d-C9)
Understanding local government debt in China
How can China navigate the country towards a more sustainable and balanced economic future?
![The flags of the European Union (L) and China stand side by side](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-10/Alicia%20101023.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=cKrt93AE)
How might China hit back over the EU’s electric vehicle anti-subsidy investigation?
China’s silence towards the European Union’s electric vehicle probe could mean that a more harmful retaliation is on its way
![People with protective masks walk across zebra crossing on December 11, 2022 in Shanghai, China](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-10/WP%2017.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=Paw7Doge)
To what extent can urbanisation mitigate the negative impact of population ageing in China?
Our analysis reveals that ageing accounts for only about 1 percentage point of the GDP growth rate deceleration over the past decade.
![Picture of Renminbi notes](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-10/GettyImages-991815304.jpg?h=69f2b9d0&itok=r4y2EznZ)
Will the Renminbi become an international currency? Policy issues for the European Union
Invitation-only event organised in the frame of the China Horizons project
![Giorgia Meloni](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-09/Alicia%20120923.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=GVTilA4d)
Can Italy leave the Belt and Road Initiative without a backlash?
How China responds to Italy’s exit from the BRI may influence other members who are contemplating a similar move.
![Picture of Shanghai](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-08/kin-li-e5IDfDCg-cE-unsplash.jpg?h=812d872b&itok=rsVJ0qXF)
How big is China’s global economic footprint? Takeaways for the European Union
![A new energy vehicle with wireless charging capability is charged at a wireless charging facility at the Asian Games Village charging station in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China, August 7, 2023. (Photo by Costfoto/NurPhoto via Getty Images)](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-08/3008.jpg?h=59cfd2ac&itok=V3SCkOQT)
The story of China’s electric vehicle industry
China's EV industry is not just about rapid growth and success; it involves intricate geopolitical dynamics that could put its success at risk.
![Shangai](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-07/ralf-leineweber-qfrLn9hDKfo-unsplash.jpg?h=a141e9ea&itok=dzWabRMb)
Assessing China’s quest for innovation
What potential bottlenecks might be hindering the transformation of China’s innovation efforts into productivity growth?
![China Economy](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-06/WP%2008.jpg?h=881fb769&itok=dHI8FALN)
China’s quest for innovation: progress and bottlenecks
We identify three potential bottlenecks that might be hindering the translation of China’s innovation efforts into productivity growth.
![Picture of a harbour at night time](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1479367850.jpg?h=c12e0b96&itok=l0ObkaLs)
To what extent can innovation and global economic dominance mitigate China’s structural slowdown?
Event in the frame of the project China Horizons - Dealing with a resurgent China (DWARC)*.
![China Economy](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-06/PB%2014%202023.jpg?h=65267471&itok=6v02RDPP)
Can Chinese growth defy gravity?
This paper discusses China’s growth for the next two decades, identifying the main challenges and factors that could mitigate its deceleration.
![Picture of Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince visiting China](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-06/0614.jpg?h=c6980913&itok=dIBRqkI5)
China's growing economic ties with the Gulf States
How China and the Gulf States are building bilateral economic relations.
![China Economy](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-05/310523.jpg?h=50844e28&itok=nkRyxpHZ)
China’s growth: what is to come?
Decelerated economic growth has and will continue to determine China’s position in global, regional and national spheres.
![a picture of construction sight](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1071307824.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=tjmVUq3T)
China’s structural deceleration: population aging versus innovation
Closed-door event discussed the importance of rapid aging for the future of the Chinese economy and dwelling on China’s major innovation trends
![Employees operate machines at a dust-free workshop of a semiconductor factory on March 1, 2023 in Siyang County, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province of China.](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1470622575.jpg?h=1dfc45c8&itok=dSaQ5zVF)
US-China tech bifurcation
Compared to instant decoupling, bifurcation offers a more gradual process that requires clear understanding of the direction and speed of divergence.
![Belt and Road Forum](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-04/WP%2004%202023.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=VQpbZ5u_)
Global trends in countries' perceptions of the Belt and Road Initiative
In this paper, we have analysed the sentiment towards the Belt and Road Initiative in the world using a large open-access dataset, namely GDELT.
![China's President Xi Jinping, front left, gives a speech during the opening ceremony of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation at the Great Hall of the People on September 3, 2018 in Beijing, China. (Photo by Madoka Ikegami - Pool/Getty Images)](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-04/GettyImages-1026463146.jpg?h=246718d0&itok=PmPNOnGH)
China’s influence in African media narratives and digital space
What role does China play in the African media landscape?
![1](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-04/GettyImages-1479359467.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=b8oDIDo_)
China’s 2023 work report and what it means: an AI post-mortem
China is taking a more nuanced approach to the overarching goal of GDP growth.
![UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres (L) shakes hands with Chinese President Xi Jinping during their meeting at the Great Hall of the People on April 8, 2018 in Beijing, China.](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-03/GettyImages-943326422.jpg?h=44080663&itok=4hXpS9BX)
The Belt and Road Initiative 2.0 is all about security
How the Belt and Road Initiative has transformed into a geopolitical tool for China.
![Photo of worker wearing glasses and blue overalls in front of a yellow excavator](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-02/GettyImages-1064449594.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=KtLKggHO)
The transformation of China’s Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for Europe?
Closed-door event discussing China's BRI project.
![china covid](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-02/0215.jpg?h=568d1252&itok=k4qebQeN)
What China’s reopening will mean for the global economy
A timely discussion about the reopening of China after the zero-Covid policy and its implications on the global economy
![Real estate showroom in China](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2023-01/0118.jpg?h=f2fcf546&itok=DRI9Ad4A)
The boom, bust and future of China's real estate sector
Is China’s real estate market sustainable?
![Xi meets Modi](/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_medium_with_focal_point/public/2022-12/cropped.jpg?h=005adf5f&itok=l1a077lS)
China-India relations and their impact on Europe
India’s bi-lateral relations with China could forge the way for multipolar international system across the world.
![ZM](/sites/default/files/styles/16_9_medium_with_focal/public/2022-11/test3.jpg?h=44cd7e29&itok=bmG1YoZN)
ZhōngHuá Mundus
ZhōngHuá Mundus is a monthly newsletter by Bruegel as part of the China Horizons (DWARC) project, bringing you analysis of China in the world, as seen from Europe.
Sign up nowBruegel team
Alessia Amighini
Non-resident fellow
Mathias Sand Brander
Project officer
Robin Schindowski
Research analyst
The project “Dealing With a Resurgent China” (DWARC) has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 101061700.
![EU funded project disclaimer](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_half_image_desktop/public/2023-03/EN-Funded%20by%20the%20EU-POS.jpg?itok=w2cMYfWb)