Macroeconomic policy and governance

Debt dynamics: Exploring EU borrowing in changing times

As interest costs rise, the EU should review how they are accounted for in its budget and financial framework.

The rising cost of European Union borrowing and what to do about it

Interest rates on the EU debt have risen substantially since 2022: what are the main drivers and implications and what to do about it?

Europe’s critical struggle with its economic paradigm

As the European elections approach, the main policy choices are more existential than perhaps ever before.

Fiscal rule legislative proposal: what has changed, what has not, what is unclear?

The proposed new fiscal rules constitute a major improvement from the current fiscal framework but missed an opportunity to foster green investment.

Annual Report 2022

The Bruegel annual report provides a broad overview of the organisation's work in the previous year

The EU’s long-term fiscal challenges

The EU faces a fiscal dilemma in the long-term: fiscal space has likely declined, but public investment needs have gone up.

How will member states react to the European Commission's proposals for fiscal governance reform?

The longer-term fiscal challenges facing the European Union

Since 2020, the European Union has suffered two large shocks, which have created new fiscal challenges for the EU.

Fixing Germany’s fixes of the European Commission’s fiscal governance proposal

Germany has valid concerns about Commission’s plan for reforming the fiscal rules. But there are better ways to address them.

A change of tack on EU-China relations

The EU Recovery and Resilience Facility falls short against performance-based funding standards

The rules and guidance underpinning EU economic recovery funds seek inputs and outputs, not results; this has led to uneven use of results indicators

Why Europe’s critical raw materials strategy has to be international

In ensuring supplies of critical raw materials, the European Union cannot rely on domestic measures alone.